Early Intervention for the Child with Autism Essay

Early Intervention for the Child with Autism - Essay Example Being a well informed and an emotionally strong parent could go a long way in ameliorating the child with Autism. Many a times parents tend to evince a lot of worry when they learn that their child has Autism. This is because they know that their child faces specific challenges and may find it difficult to socially integrate and engage in learning, if not rendered a timely professional help and assistance. Certainly, it is natural to do so. However, Early Intervention could play a decisive role in the case of children with Autism. With the help and aid of Early Intervention, parents of children with Autism could relieve themselves of much indecisiveness and confusion. The very recognition of the fact that it is possible to help an autistic child in a professional manner that could help one deal with one’s problems in an effective way is in itself much relieving and hope giving. Hence, Early Intervention is vital for children with Autism, especially in the first few years of th eir life. Early Intervention not only facilitates the salient tools required to diagnose a child in the Autism Spectrum, but also plays a crucial role in facilitating the children with the requisite help and services that go a long way in helping them develop the necessary development skills (Ross & Jolly 159). It goes without saying that early intervention also divests the parents of children having autism of much stress and tension. It is a fact that autistic children tend to face some problems in life that are not faced by other children. Precisely speaking, the autistic children happen to face difficulties in three main areas of life that are issues associated with social interaction, the affiliated communication related difficulties and difficulties associated with the capacity for imagination. Autistic children do many a time find it difficult to learn to speak or to be able to carry on and sustain a conversation (Szatmari 138). Autistic children also find to difficult to shar e their feelings with others and in understanding the varied other aspects of social interaction like body language (Szatmari 138). Though many autistic children do evince a capacity to grasp facts and figures, yet when it comes to topics like politics and religion associated with complex ideas and language, they may find it difficult to grasp such issues (Szatmari 37). One other thing that has been seen in autistic children is that they evince an affiliation to a very narrow range of activities with which they engage in a repetitive manner (Szatmari 37). For instance they may develop a strong interest in a limited and narrow range of activities, may happen to be quiet inflexible in the matter of preferred activities and interests and may exhibit body movements that are repetitive. If not helped through early intervention, the autistic children may have to face secondary issues like behavioral problems that may pose multiple challenges, sensory problems, mental health issues, and sl eep disorders (Szatmari 38). Thereby the main challenge faced by the parents and care givers of autistic children is to help them integrate in the society in a balanced and meaningful way. Therefore, much success depends as to how early an autistic child is subjected to intervention. Thereby early intervention could play a decisive role in enabling an autistic child to deal with the social, mental and communication issues faced by one. Hence, it is really important for the parents to know as to what is Early

Stereotype Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stereotype - Essay Example Women on the other hand can now be seen to be getting involved with the kind of work that gender wise, was left for man. The main concepts that have been presented in the articles are stereotypes that are experienced among the Stay At Home Dad. From the story, it can be learnt that SAHD faces several stereotypical arguments such as being unmanly enough. According to the Glen Sack, it is believed that men should always be out there fending for the family and should not be preoccupied with the household duties. Sometimes they are also accused of living at the mercies of their stronger wives who have to go out there and fend for the family. In the case of the Hispanic women, the authors Jeffery Shelter and Michael have identified the connotations like, Hispanic women being hot female or sexual firebrands. These stereotypes are fueled by the media, which just pick the generalization and relay it without establishing facts around it. Jeffery and Michael also suggest that this stereotype is something that is transferred from the parents specifically the mothers who at the tender age of their children begin to teach children about the images and what to regard as a good image and what is bad. They also do this through color separation, where male children are associated with the blue colors while female children are The change in the gender roles has been one of the achievements that have been made in the society to ensure that gender equality and equity are observed. This however also comes with its own challenges. First and foremost, when gender roles change, new responsibilities are realized. With increase in rights, comes responsibility. What has been elaborated carefully in the articles particularly by Glen Sack on SAHD. Men now got to adjust to new role of taking care of the children in the house. He now must admit that women must also now contribute in the house just like the man would do in order to sustain

How Did Nazi Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics Essay

How Did Nazi Propaganda Influenced The Regime Politics Essay Between the years 1933 and 1939 the Nazi regime in Germany grew incredibly fast. Hitler entered the National Socialists cabinet in January 1933, and two months after this, Hitler had strengthen his political power by supposedly, entirely legal means. In order to consolidate their power as a strong political party, the Nazis were determined to convince people of the value of their regime. One of the most direct means to convince the German people of the value of the National-Socialist ideas was through propaganda that appeals to the emotions and feelings of the German people after the crisis they had to experience after the First World War. In this paper I will attempt to identify the methods used by the Nazi party in order to acquire the attention of the people and to establish the National-Socialism as the main party in Germany, as well as the importance that the Propaganda had in the outcome of the National Socialist regime and of the actions taken by them during the years of the S econd World War. To achieve this I will analyze Germanys situation in the period of 1933 to 1939, where the National Socialist regime achieved its main aim -to become the main political power in the country- using propaganda as the main way to get the people ´s attention that would lead them and would give support to all the path of actions that were taken during the years of the war. I will analyse, for example, the importance of various legislative and administrative changes made by Hitler, the achievement of economical recovery as something that was used to appeal to the honour of the German people who were devastated by the consequences of the First World War, the creation of the sensation of fear through the use of imagery and language to control the people and how every ideal of the National-Socialist party was developed through propaganda. B. Summary of Evidence Although there are other very important factors to attribute the consolidation of power of the National Socialists, propaganda was definitely one of the major causes of this. Even though it is extremely difficult to measure the exact extent in which propaganda affected the Nazi consolidation, the huge propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as the savoir of Germany, had an enormous impact and influence on the German people. The master propagandist of the Nazi regime, Joseph Goebbels, was convinced that the Ministry had the mission of achieving mobilization and mind of spirit on Germany  [1]  . In 1930 he became the headmaster of the propaganda division of the National-Socialist party, in this position he built the basis of the mass manipulation through propaganda. When Hitler finally achieved power he was named Minister of Popular Illustration and Propaganda and it was then when he became determined to switch the ideals and the mind of the German people to act in favour of the Nazi party. As a consequence of the idea of changing the German people ´s mind as well as other National Socialist thoughts, Joseph Goebbels created a propaganda campaign in which Hitler was portrayed as a great man that helped the economical recovery of Germany -that was an important appeal to the German people considering the economic crisis they had to assume after the First World War-; he was portrayed as Germanys saviou r. Goebbels, in his attempt, to consolidate Nazi power and convince German people to support them, used the technique of total propaganda. In other words, the government had control over the media  [2]  . Goebbels took control of the newspapers, and although their writing style did not change, most the newspapers promoted fascism and Nazi German nationalism. Thanks to Goebbels ´ work and the impact of the total propaganda technique, he was undoubtedly responsible for the rise of Hitler to the power and too the centre of the political situation in Germany. His position as the Minister of public enlightenment and propaganda, gave him an absolute control of the mass communications media such as the press, radio, cinema and others. The culture created by the propaganda technique implemented and used by Goebbels created an entirely new era of mass manipulation. After they tested the effectiveness of the ministry of propaganda, and when the Nazi party was convinced about the importance of mass manipulation through media, they decided to split the Ministry into seven different departments. Once they had taken over most Germany, the propaganda ministry was split into seven different departments that included Radio, Film, Theater, Music, Literature, Visual Arts and, of course, Propaganda. Every aspect of the life in Germany was permeated by the Ministry, the re-education and the mobilization of mind and spirit of the German People stopped being just an ideal of the National-Socialist party and became a fact and a way to proceed to accomplish a Nazi state with Nazi ideals supported by all the German people. As the Nazi party was trying to convince German society that the National Socialist regime was the best for them, they were also taking part of the World War II. It was extremely important to convince people that fighting was necessary in order for Germany to stay stable. Propaganda played a highly important role in the confidence of German people that supported the war, the ministry of propaganda made sure that the moral of the German people and of the soldiers fighting the war stayed focused on the ideals of the Nazi party. Most of Nazi German propaganda consisted of material sustaining the wartime effort. Besides this, Hitler and the higher Nazi leaders encouraged racism and wished to begin the extermination of races that they considered inferior. Although there were already some unhappinesss between the German Jews and other Germans, it was still necessary to convince the German population that action against them was necessary. The Nazis used the idea of the perfect and pure rac e that was planted into the people ´s mind and that would lead to atrocities such as the Holocaust. They used posters stating facts like this to assure that the idea of the pure race would become important to every German person: The Aryan race is tall, long legged, slim. The race is narrow-faced, with a narrow forehead, a narrow highbuilt nose and a lower jaw and prominent chin, the skin is rosy bright and the blood shines through . the hair is smooth, straight or wavy possibly curly in childhood. The colour is blond. Of course, to state the priority of the German Maser Race, the propaganda ministry made the people believe that one of the reasons why Germany was defeated in the First World War (and that would lead to all the economic problems and the shattering of the German spirit) was because the German race had become impure when the Aryans began marrying non-Aryans. This implied that, in order to make Germany a strong country again and to make the people strong and confident, the Nazi party had to ensure the purity of the Aryan race. The use of the word pure was fundamental i n Nazi propaganda. Propaganda must not investigate the truth objectively and, in so far as it is favourable to the other side, present it according to the theoretical rules of justice; yet it must present only that aspect of the truth which is favourable to its own side. () The receptive powers of the masses are very restricted, and their understanding is feeble. On the other hand, they quickly forget. Such being the case, all-effectivepropaganda must be confined to a few bare essentials and those must be expressed as far as possible in stereotyped formulas.  [3]  This would explain why the use of simple words and formulas that appeal to the emotions of the audience were effectively used in Nazi propaganda  [4]  . These kind of statements, written by Hitler himself, prove that not everything said by the government was truth and that they were trying their best to convince people of the truths expressed in stereotyped formulas and repeated incessantly though every type of media communication owned by the Ministry of propaganda. It also shows Hitlers main intention by introducing Nazi propaganda, which was to convince everyone that the National Socialist regime was the best for Germany. Even when there were lots of types of propaganda, all of them ended in the same conclusion and had the same intention of persuading people to support the National Socialist regime ideals and everything implied by them-. Some historians think that the main reason why the Nazi Germany regime remained in place was, in fact, due to the fear factor created by the Nazi propaganda and the language used to appeal to people  [5]  . Language became, through the use of propaganda, a tool to manipulate and to lead society to obey without question the government and the radical ideas the Nazi party had. Organizations such as the SS  [6]  would work to wipe out anyone who didnt agree with what the Nazi propaganda said. Although the fear factor influenced and was seen in a large majority, it affected a small minority. Thanks to this fear people would stop speaking about issues related to the National Socialist regime, they stopped disagreeing about what the Nazi party was trying to impose. We could say that both fear and propaganda were the main factors that may have helped to consolidate the Nazi power. Nazis justified their actions through the use of propaganda, the manipulation of language and images, t he emotions and fears of the people and the idea of the pure race. An important example of this fact is what is known as The Night of the Long Knives, an opertation that took place on June 30th 1934 where the SS executed a series of political leader who were opposing to the Nazi ideas and to Hitler himself. The SS executed seventy men on charges of treason. Most of them were members of the SA also known as Sturmabteilung (Storm Section) or Brownshirts. This organization was openly against the National Socialist regime. This series of executions obviously caused more fear in society and decreased their rebellion intentions. C. Evaluation of Sources. Source 1:Randall L. Bytwerk , Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. This sources main purpose is to show why the Nazi propagandas had such a fast effect and how it impacted society from that time. It examines the range of techniques used by Nazis. It talks about how people were embraced by the propaganda; it describes how the propaganda was in control of basically every media of communication that is what made it a very good source for this paper. However the book also says that the effect of the propaganda did not last much and it explains that in a way, Nazi propaganda failed since they expected more of their propaganda than what it actually was able to do. This is one of the weaknesses if the source since it is a contradiction to what I am trying to prove which is that the Nazi propaganda had a huge effect in the outcome of the Nazi regime. Source 2:Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. This is a great source since it analyses every aspect of the effects of the Nazi propaganda, it explains how society was affected by it. It shows different kinds of perspectives, as the first source this one also says that the effect of the Nazi propaganda was not as big or as shocking as it is generally thought. It explains that the National Socialists were expecting propaganda to have a greater effect that what it had, however it had a part of the influence in the outcome of the Nazi regime. D. Analysis. Anyone who produced, distributed, broadcasted, published or sold any form of media or press had to first join one of the propaganda ministry departments and follow all the publishing rules they had. Hence, without the ministry license to practice their businesses, all artists, writers, publishers, producers and directors could not work in their field. Along with these guidelines, they brought up the prohibition of all Jewish newspaper and media. Due to the abolition of every anti-Nazi publications and media in general, public felt that the overall mood of all the media was pro-Nazi. German people knew that disagreeing could cause a calamity, the terror present in German society at the Nazi time of government was ultimately what caused the consolidation of power in the Nazi Germany. The Nazi party conducted some symbolic acts such as the ceremonially book burning in 1933 that was proclaimed as an action against the un-German spirit that wanted to end with all the Jewish intellectualis m through a purge by fire, all of this was proclaimed by the Press and Propaganda Ofiice of the Deutsche Studentenschaff (Student Association). Without a doubt, the propaganda used by the Nazis was influential on the actions of the German society, the popularity of the propaganda used in ht theatre and in the movies was evident if we consider the increase of movie viewers between 1933 (1 million viewers) and 1942 (250 million viewers). The moral and confidence of the German people was increased as well through propaganda and even through architecture  [7]  . All the arts were involved with the propagation of Nazi ideals. The significant number of movie viewers was thanks to Goebbels idea that movies should not be overly propagandists and must be entertaining. However as in every other media, the ultimate goal was to influence people and drag them into Nazism. Goebbels considered that the appropriate propaganda to be used in the movies should be using dramas centred on historical and influential figures. There were also some very straightforward war films that contained clear pro-German and pro- nationalistic messages, other films that performed a slightly different propaganda function, such as 1936 Olympia, which showed that Germany could put on a magnificent show for the Olympics. The huge success of the films during this period conveyed to the public the sense that Nazi regime was a regime of modern progress, breaking barriers in technology, convincing public that remaining with the Nazi party would be the only solution in order to progress. The Olympic Games of 1936 were handed to Berlin before the Nazis came to power, and Hitler thought of this as the perfect opportunity to demonstrate the world how efficient the Nazi Germany was. The Berlin Olympic Games were also the perfect scenario for the Nazis to prove the power of the Master Race. The Nazis gave an outstanding performance in the use of radio for the reporters. Twenty transmitting vans were put at the disposition of the foreign media along with 300 microphones. The radio broadcasts at the Olympics were given in 28 different languages. The director of NBC in America congratulated the Nazis for this service; this was a great triumph for the Public Entertainment and Propaganda MinistryRadio could also be considered as one of the greatest and most convincing propaganda. For example the Volksempfanger; in 1933, 4.5 million German houses had broadcast access and were listening to it. This was thanks to the availability of inexpensive radios. A factor of success of the radio was its personal nature, while the cinema was experienced with others, the radio had the ability for the Nazi party to talk to people in their own home, and also they could share it with the public thanks to the speakers in the streets. E. Conclusion The National Socialist regime held absolute control over Germany between the years 1933 and 1939. The Nazis dominated every aspect of the everyday life of ordinary people and made it almost impossible for people to escape the influence of Nazism in their family, their work, and even thinking. Even though the Nazis did bring some prosperity to Germany in economic ways at that time, the overall Nazi regime was based on terror and it was centred on the transformation of Germany which could only be completed by affecting the lives and thoughts of most, if not all of the German citizens. Most of the Nazi ideals were mainly promoted through films, radio, theatres and newspapers controlled by the National Socialist regime. There was no way of avoiding it; it was spread across every form of entertainment and media of communication. A significant percentage of Germans seem happy with Nazi control, however, those who were not, were harshly punished by either the Gestapo or the SS. The propagan da used in the wartime had a massive effect in people causing lots of German Citizens to join the National Socialist ideas and helping the Nazis to gain control over almost every German citizen. F. Sources and Word Count Word Count: 1994 Bytwerk, Randall L. Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2004. Kallis, Aristotle A. Nazi Propaganda and the Second World War. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Nazi and East German Propaganda, Guide Page, German Propaganda archive. The Holocaust History Project ,

Frankenstein and Gulliver’s Travels Essay :: Character Analysis, Gulliver, Monster

Mary Shelley and Jonathan Swift were completely us†(Swift, 73). Swift doesn’t think highly of chambermaids. Swift in general portrays females, even his wife, in a rather unjust way. The girls of Brobdingnag â€Å"would strip themselves to the skin, and put on their smocks in my presence, while I was placed on their toilet directly before their naked bodies, which, I am sure, to me was very far from being a tempting sight, or from giving me any other emotions than those of horror and disgust.†(Swift 133) Gulliver’s thoughts clearly address the youth of Swift’s time. Contrary to Swift’s writing, Shelly’s Frankenstein portrays females in an esteemed fashion. Females play active roles in Frankenstein, whether to Victor or to Felix. In fact, women help Victor develop in the reader’s eyes which is impossible to notice unless they are mentioned. Elizabeth is the guiding light of Victor, before and after his maddening state of c reation. When Victor is re-united with Elizabeth he describes her in romantic fashion, â€Å"time had since I last beheld her; it had endowed her with loveliness surpassing the beauty of her childish years.† (Shelly 67) This is completely opposite to Gulliver. Whether it be his mom, Justine, or Elizabeth; Victor has positive encounters with females. It can also be noted that the Frankenstein monster â€Å"demand[s] a creature of another sex†¦ and it shall content me† (Shelly 135). This request that the monster asks for is crucial as it shows the necessary interactions between males and females that Shelly, not Swift, shows. Although both stories are completely different, they have one underlying theme that they both follow. All of the main characters of both stories point out major human flaws. Gulliver and the Frankenstein monster are depictions of human nature. Gulliver shows this through the people and societies he meets in his travels. Swift, through Gulliver, depicts the flaws of modern religion with the disputes of the Lilliputians and their beliefs of breaking â€Å"eggs at the most convenient ends† (Swift 59). The reader quickly dismisses this conflict as laughable because of the absurdity of the dispute, and this is a perfect example of Swift’s uncanny satirical powers. Swift leaves no group unscathed in his book. Gulliver ,while traveling through the Islands of Laputa, talks about scientist and their projects in that â€Å"The only inconvenience is, that none of these projects are yet brought to perfection, and in the mean time, the whole country lies miserably waste† (Swift 196).

I Would Like to Be Remembered

Do you want to know what teenagers worry about the most? I feel like teenagers worry about either relationships or appearances. I worry about a lot of things like my grades, relationships, family, friends, and my education. I worry about my grades because I want to have an awesome G. P. A and I want to go to college. Relationships are one of the things I worry about because I feel like If I get Into a relationship It would go wrong. Also I feel like I would regret getting Into one with that person. I worry about family and friends the most because they are my number one poorly In fife.My motto Is family and friends before anything and anyone. The reason I worry about my education is because I want to the University of Los Angels California or Norfolk State university when I graduate high school. That Is my mall goal which Is to graduate and go to a nice college of my choice or with a scholarship. School and family are the main things that I worry about the most and I will always worr y about school until I am done. I will always worry about my family and friends. My best friend is India Gregory. She is my best friend because she was one of the arils that helped me find my classes on my first day at Semiskilled.We have that type of bond like I consider her my sister and whenever we are on the phone she talks to my sister too. We all joke around and Joke each other. We tell each other everything it does not matter what it is. I do think that our friendship will last after high school. We are unbreakable. Yes, India has influenced me. One day we were on the phone and I told her about my relationship problems. I would stay in a relationship even though I was not happy with that person. She told me that it can affect me more because I would be hurt hill I was pretending to still like this person.So she taught me to love myself before I love anybody. She is my best friend for life because she is the one girl that I can see myself hanging out with out with in my adult years. We have been through a lot with girls trying to break up our friendship. One thing that they do not know is that we will never stop being friends. It does not matter what happens I would choose her over anything. She is like my blood sister. Blood is thicker than water. I love her with all my heart I Would Like to Be Remembered By Pià ±atas re one of the things I worry about because I feel like if I get into a relationship it would go wrong.Also I feel like I would regret getting into one with that person. I worry about family and friends the most because they are my number one priority in life. My motto is family and friends before anything and anyone. The reason I worry about my education is because I want to the University of Los Angels California or Norfolk State University when I graduate high school. That is my main goal which is to my sister too. We all Joke around and Joke each other. We tell each other everything it

Political Risks in International Marketing

Assessing the political environment is an important part in any business decision. Laws and regulations passed by either local, regional and central government bodies can affect foreign firms' operations. Also, firms are comfortable assessing the political climates in their home countries. However, assessing the political climates in other countries is still problematic. Classification and description of political risks When doing international business, the manager may face several types of financial risks.The major types of financial risks are commercial risks, political risks, exchange rate risks, and other such as inflation-related risks. Thus, political risks are non commercial risks. Political risks are any changes in the political environment that may adversely affect the value of a firm's business activities. Political risks may occur in any nation, but the risks vary considerably between countries. We may distinguish two types of classification of political risks. A classifi cation based on the characteristic of political risks and a classification or categorization based on the local government actions or control.Classification based on the characteristics of political risks Characteristics refer to as the facts that are inherent to each political risk. In other terms, their uniqueness or what make them different from one another. There are three types of such characteristics: ownership risks, operating risks, and transfer risks. Ownership risk In which the property of the firm is threatened through expropriation, confiscation or domestication. Ownership risk exposes property and life. The triad will be explained in the second classification. Operating risk  In which there is interference with the firm operations.The ongoing operations of the and/or the safety of its employees are threatened through changes in laws, environmental standards, tax codes, terrorism, armed insurrection or wars, and so forth. Transfer risk  In which the government interf eres with a firm's ability to shift funds into and out of the country. Classification based host country actions We can distinguish two types: political risks out of the government control and political risk induced by the government. Political risks out of government control. There are risks or events arise from nongovernmental actions, factors that are outside the government responsibility.There are  wars, revolution, coup d'etat, terrorism, strikes, extortion, and kidnappings. They all derived from some unstable social situation, with population frustration and intolerance. All these risks can generate violence, directed towards firms' property and employees. We may also have the case of  externally induced financial constraints and externally imposed limits on imports or exports, especially in case of embargoes or any economic sanctions against the host country. Political risks induced by the government These risks constitute some laws directed against foreign firms. Some go vernment-induced risks are very drastic.There are expropriation, confiscation and domestication. Expropriation  is the seizure of foreign assets by a government with payment of compensation to the owners. In other terms, it is involuntary transfer of property, with compensation, from a privately owned firm to a host country government. Expropriation may generate some funds for the owners. However, procedures to get paid from the government are sometimes protracted and the final amount remains low. Furthermore, if no compensation is paid, conflicts may erupt between the host country and the country of the expropriated firm.For instance, the relations between U. S. and Cuba acknowledge such situation, since Cuba does not offer compensation to U. S. firms that have their assets sized. 3(*)  Also, expropriation can refrain other companies from investing in the concerned country. Confiscation  is another type of ownership risk similar to expropriation, except compensation. It is in voluntary transfer of property, no compensation, from a privately owned firm to a host country government. In confiscation, firms do not receive any funds from government. Thereby, it represents a more risky situation for foreign firms.Some industries are more vulnerable to confiscation than others because of their importance to the host countries and their lack of ability to shift operations. Sectors such as mining, energy, public utilities, and banking have been targets of such government actions. Domestication  offers to governments a subtle control over the foreign investments. There is a partial ownership transfer and companies are urged to prioritize local production and to retain a large share of the profit within the country. Domestication can negatively impact the international marketer activities, as well as that of the entire firm.For example, if foreign companies are forced to hire nationals as managers, poor cooperation and communication can result. If domestication w as imposed within a short time span, poorly trained and inexperienced local managers would head the firm operations with possible lost of profits. Other government actions-related risks  are less dangerous but more common such as  boycott, sabotage. When facing shortage of foreign currency, government, sometimes, attempts to  control the movement of capital  in and out of the country. Often,  exchange controls  are levied selectively against certain products or companies.Exchange controls limit importation of goods so that firms might be confronted with difficulties in their regular transactions. Severe restrictions on import  can be a motive for foreign corporate to shut down. Governments may also raise the tax rate applied to foreign investors in order to control them and their capital. Government may implement a  price control system. Such control uses to derive from a sensitive political situation. For example, social pressure may result in a kind of price standa rdization for particular sectors like food, transportation, fuel, and healthcare.Political risks like arms conflicts, insurrection may affect all firms in the country equally. For that reason they are called  macro political risks. Unlike, nationalization, strikes, expropriation may affect only a handful and specific firm, they are named  micro political risks. Impact of some political risks Some negative effects of political risks on firm are summarized in the following table. Table 1. Holistic table summarizing the major political risks and their effects on firms TYPES| IMPACT ON FIRMS| Expropriation| Loss of future profits| | | Confiscation| Loss of assets| Loss of future profits| | | Campaigns against foreign goods| Loss of sales| | Increased costs of public relations efforts to improve public image| | | Mandatory labor benefits legislation| Increased operating costs| | | Kidnappings, terrorists threats, and other forms of violence| Disrupted production| | Increased security costs| | Increased managerial costs| | Lower productivity| | | Civil wars| Destruction of property| | Lost sales| | Disruption of production| | Increased security costs| | Lower productivity| | | Inflation| Higher operating costs| | Repatriation| Inability to transfer funds freely| | | Currency devaluations| Reduced value of repatriated earnings| | | Increased taxation| Lower after-tax profits| | | Source, Ricky W. Griffin, International business, 2005, page 73 In long run, and depending on the severity of the risks, action taken by government may decrease income and be detrimental to the host country economy. Strong political risks that are deeply rooted in the country governance habit might be barriers to foreign investment and country prosperity. What is going on in West Africa?